第四节犯罪未遂 Atempt to Crime

第四节  未遂犯

 

一、未遂犯的概念和特征

 

    未遂犯,指犯罪分子已经着手实行犯罪,由于其意志以外的原因而为能达到既遂状态的未完成形态。

Article 23.   Criminal attempt occurs when a crime hasalready begun to be carried out but is not consummated because of factorsindependent of the will of the criminal element.

One who attemptsto commit a crime may, in comparison with one who consummates the crime, begiven a lesser punishment or a mitigated punishment.

 

1.犯罪分子已经着手实行犯罪

 

所谓着手,是动手、开始做某事的意思,即犯罪分子开始实施刑法分则条文规定的具体犯罪的实行行为。它是实行行为的起点,是区分预备行为与实行行为的显著标志。

 

 

 2.犯罪行为未能达到既遂状态  

3.犯罪未得逞是由于犯罪分子意志以外的原因

 

Two requirements: For most attempt statutes, there are two principal requirements, corresponding to the mens rea and the actus reus: [148]

1. Mental state: First, D must have had a mental state which would have been enough to satisfy the mens rea requirement of the substantive crime itself. Typically, D will intend to commit the crime. But if a mental state less than intent (e.g., recklessness) suffices for the substantive crime, there may be instances where this same less-than-intent mental state will suffice for attempted commission of that crime. This is discussed further below. [147]

2. Act requirement: Second, D must be shown to have committed some overt act in furtherance of his plan of criminality. A leading modern view, that of the MPC, is that the act must constitute “a substantial step” in a course of conduct planned to culminate in the commission of the crime, but only if the substantial step is “strongly corroborative” of D’s criminal purpose. MPC �5.01(1)(c).

二、未遂犯的种类

 

    (一)以实行行为是否实行终了为标准,分为实行终了的未遂和未实行终了的未遂

 

(二)以犯罪行为是否能够达到既遂状态为标准,分为能犯未遂和不能犯未遂

 

 

三、未遂犯的刑事责任

 

刑法第23条第2款规定:“对于未遂犯,可以比照既遂犯从轻、减轻处罚”。适用该规定时,要考虑以下因素:(1)属于何种类型的未遂犯;(2)距离犯罪既遂的远近;(3)未遂犯本身所造成结果的轻重。